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Poster presented by Pauleen Bennett and Scott O’Hara, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia – ISAZ 2013

Research Examining relationships between humans and companion animals has focused on dogs and cats.  However, many other species are kept as companions, including parrots.  Parrots lack many of the “cute” and “cuddly” features that are believed to have promoted pet ownership throughout humans’ evolutionary history.  They are, however, described on numerous internet sites as being wonderful companions.

In this project, we examined parrot owners’ perceptions of parrots and compared these with the perceptions of other companion animal species.  We also examined whether parrot owners are psychologically attached to their pets.  Over 1,000 adult participants (86% female) completed on online survey that was distributed internationally.  We modified the Comfort from Companion Animals Scale to assess perceptions of parrots, dogs, doves, and goldfish and asked participants to complete the Lexingon Attachment to Pets scale in relation to various companion animal species.  Parrot owners perceived parrots to have excellent companionship qualities, equal to or better than dogs.  Non-parrot owners, in contrast, perceived parrots to have better companionship qualities than goldfish, but no where near the standard they perceived dogs to offer.

Participants who owned parrots reported being more enthusiastic about initially acquiring their pet, they spent more time planning and preparing for its arrival than owners of other species, and they were just as strongly attached to their birds as were owners of other species.  People who owned multiple pets tended to be more strongly attached to their parrots than to other animals, although the effect size was fairly small.

Attachement to a pet parrot was not correlated with various psychological outcomes, including loneliness, perceived stress and general wellbeing.  The results indicate that perceptions of animal companions may vary with experience, and that parrots may, for some people, provide a level of companionship equivalent to that provided by more popular pets.

 

Presented by Shelby Elaine McDonald, Samantha Marie Brown, Frank R. Ascione, & James Herbert Williams, University of Denver – ISAZ 2013

Recent research suggests concomitant (naturally accompanying or associated) exposure to animal cruelty in families who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) may be an additional risk factor for mental health and behavioral problems in youth.  The current study had two aims: 1) to compare the severity and frequency of IPV exposure among youth who report or do not report exposure to animal cruelty in the home and 2) to compare the unique mental health and behavioral correlates of children’s exposure to IPV in the presence or absence of related animal cruelty.

Participants included 52 mothers and their children ages 7 – 12 who were receiving residential or non-residential services from a domestic violence agency and who reported owning a pet currently or within the past year. Independent samples t-tests determined children who reported they had observed a pet being hurt or killed in their home had significantly higher mean rates of directly witnessing multiple forms of IPV than children who had not witnessed animal cruelty.  Independent samples t-tests also determined that children of mothers who reported their partner had hurt or killed one of their pets were characterized by significantly higher bean rates of anxiety and depression symptoms, externalizing behavior problems, and PTSD symptoms as measured by t-scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 2001).

Our analyses suggest children who witness harm to pets in the home are more likely to be directly exposed to multiple facets of family violence, and exposure to concomitant animal abuse may exacerbate the already potentially deleterious effects of childhood exposure to IPV on youth’s mental health and social functioning.  The results illustrate how addressing human-animal relationships can inform clinical assessment and intervention when working with families experiencing IPV.

Presented by Emma K. Newton, Long Island University Global – ISAZ 2013

Research into the effect of companion animals on homeless people’s well being is limited.  Previous studies have focused on anecdotal information from homeless companion animal caretakers.  This presentation looks at the effect of animal companionship on homeless and low-income individuals in a period when the companion animals received free veterinary services.

Portland Animal Welfare Team is a non-profit organization located in Portland, Oregon that dispenses free veterinary medical services to the homeless and low-income of the surrounding area.  Participant-observation and statistical surveying occurred over the course of a three-month period between September 2012 and December 2012 during Paw Team’s monthly clinics.  All clients received at Paw Team during this period were asked if they had been previously seen at Paw Team and if so whether they felt their pets were healthier.  Clients were also asked about whether or not they felt that their pets physical health was affecting their own stress level and stress management as well as housing situation and and employment.

Analysis of the survey data shows a correlation between good physical companion animal health and decreased stress level in their caretakers.  Clients that were received consecutively by Paw Team during the survey period and who felt that their companion animal was in good health showed a decreased stress level and increased satisfaction with their housing and employment.

The findings from this study indicate a potential correlation between physical companion animal health and the emotional health of their human caretakers.  This would suggest an increased need for low-cost and free veterinary services for the homeless to address not only the physical health of the companion animal but also the emotional health of the caretaker.

Poster presentation by Heather C. Lum, Nicole Nau, and Kymberly McClellan, Penn State Erie, the Behrend College – ISAZ 2013

The “Black Dog” syndrome is a phenomenon in which black dogs and cats are seen as less desirable, less adoptable, and more likely to be euthanized.  This has been seen anecdotally by animal shelter workers for years but given the limited detailed records that many shelters keep, there is little empirical evidence of this.  This study examines how our opinions towards pets may be influenced by their color.

Sixty-five participants (24 males, 42 females, M=21.09, SD=7.20) completed the study.  Participants were shown pictures of both cats and dogs of varying colors and breeds and answered questions relating to perceived attributes about the animal including whether the animal was friendly, aggressive, and adoptable.

There was a main effect for friendliness.  Further analysis revealed that the white cat was considered the friendliest followed by the orange cat, while the black cat was the least friendly.  Similarly, the yellow dog was considered the friendliest while the brown dog was second, and the black dog was last.  This trend also held true for the perceived adoptability such that the lighter colored pets were considered more adoptable than the darker colored ones.  Lastly, there was a main affect for aggression.  The black dog was considered the most aggressive followed by the brown dog, and the yellow dog.

The results of this study do indeed indicate a bias in opinions of different colored dogs and cats.  By researching this problem, we may be one step closer to answering the question of why some dogs and cats are seen as less adoptable than others which could lead to adoption programs dedicated to addressing and resolving this issue through education and outreach.

Presented by Alicia Phillips Buttner and Rosemary Strasser, University of Nebraska at Omaha – ISAZ 2013

Over the last decade, there has been renewed interest in understanding the mechanisms that control contagious yawning.  Contagious yawning has been linked to empathy in humans and other primate species.  However, cross-species studies of contagious yawning between dogs and humans have reported less consistent findings.  It has been suggested that contagious yawning in dogs may be the results of stress rather than low-level empathy, since dogs produce “tension yawns” in uncertain situations.

We investigated the role of arousal in what has been interpreted as yawn contagion in dogs in order to better understand the physiological processes that underlie yawning in a stressful context.  Sixty shelter dogs were exposed to yawning and non-yawning control stimuli demonstrated by an unfamiliar human.  We took salivary cortisol samples before and after testing to determine the role of arousal in yawn contagion.  The cortisol levels of dogs that yawned only in response to human yawning remained elevated following testing, whereas other dogs had reduced cortisol levels relative to their baseline levels.

These findings are in contrast to current ideas in the dog training community that dogs perceive human yawning as a calming signal that reduces stress.  We suggest that arousal states may have a substantial influence on how human yawns are perceived by dogs.  Specifically, when a human yawn is presented in situations of uncertainty when arousal is high, as in shelter dogs, it may be perceived as a signal for stress.  Some dogs then yawn as a means of displacing internal anxiety.  Therefore, yawning between humans and dogs may involve some communicative function that is modulated by context and arousal.

Presented by Jessica Walker, Clive Phillips, Natalie Waran. Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Australia; Jeanne Marchig International Centre for Animal Welfare Education.  Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK; The Animal Welfare and Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Unitec, New Zealand.

The loss of a companion animal is well accepted to result in a significant experience of grief for the owners although, at present, little is known about how other animals in the household are affected by such a loss.  This paper discusses how companion animals’ respond to the loss of a conspecific through owner reported behavioural changes.

A questionnaire was distributed via informative publications produced by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) across Australia and New Zealand and through a selection of veterinary clinics with New Zeland.  The questionnaire covered owner demographics, demographics of up to four deceased animals and up to four animals remaining in the household after an animal companion passed away, behaviour that was exhibited or that changed in remaining animals after a companion passed away and the duration of these behaviours.

From a total of 306 returned questionnaires, 414 companion dogs and cats had experienced the loss of an animal companion.  Seventy five percent of these animals were reported to display a behavioural change by their owner.  Dogs were reported to display a reduction in food consumption, an increase in sleeping, a decrease in vocalisations and were described as appearing withdrawn.  These behavioural changes were more often described if the deceased conspecific was also a dog.  Cats, on the other hand, were reported to display an increase in vocalisations, an increase in aggression towards other animals in the household and were described as appearing depressed.  The behavioural changes described in cats were also more often reported if the deceased conspecific was a cat.

These findings demonstrate that owners describe common behavioural changes in their companion animals, subsequent to the loss of a conspecific.

 

Presented by Kate Nattrass Atema, International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), The Hague, Netherlands in association with Bali Animal Welfare Association (BAWA)

The “Bali Street Dogs” of Indonesia are largely owned, but few receive adequate guardianship.  Veterinary and zoonotic health concerns, animal abuse, and social conflicts over dog issues have escalated particularly since the introduction of rabies to Bali in 2008.

In order to understand the relationship of Balinese with their dogs and to advance the welfare of animals and communities in this context, we initiated a participatory community dog welfare project in Gianyar Regency in January 2012.  Participatory methods were developed in the international humanitarian aid sector, and have been adapted to the care of equine and bovine working animals.  The Bali dog project seeks to adapt these methods to the care of animals whose value in communities is not primarily economic.

The first year of the project engaged 13 communities (banjars) through sequential facilitated community meetings, individual discussions and limited veterinary services.  Communities warmed quickly go topics of dog guardianship which they had hitherto not considered in the context of community, or solvable, concerns.  The many questions and discussions on animal care, human-dog conflicts and rabies reflected an inherent compassion for dogs that is compromised by a lack of understanding in how to care for them properly and powerlessness against social and political pressures.

At the end of the first project year, attitudes toward dogs had improved markedly, primarily due to the empowerment derived from understanding issues and recognizing possibilities for addressing them.  This perception and the underlying feeling of “ownership” provides momentum, for the long-term engagement of communities in the project.

The necessary balance of anthropological and scientific skills is important and productive for furthering the participatory approach, but stretches staff resources and challenges collection of scientific data.  A priority for Year 2 is the integration of a feasible monitoring system to assess improvements in animal welfare.